This helped the French practise their defensive tactic for the Battle of the Pyramids, fought on 21 July, about 24km (15mi) from the pyramids. With the Allied center demolished, the French swept through both enemy flanks and sent the Allies fleeing chaotically, capturing thousands of prisoners in the process. The decisive French triumph at Rivoli in January 1797 led to the collapse of the Austrian position in Italy. Because many of France's generals had been killed or had left, Napoleon was rapidly promoted and became a general at the age of twenty-four. The appointment enraged a heavily religious and conservative Spanish population. He initiated many liberal reforms that have persisted in society, and is considered one of the greatest military commanders in history. [77] The Directory agreed in order to secure a trade route to the Indian subcontinent. [290][291][292] The German legal scholar Carl Theoder Welcker described Napoleon as "the greatest master of Machiavellism". [50] On 22 December he was on his way to his new post in Nice, promoted from the rank of colonel to brigadier general at the age of 24. "[304], The stock character of Napoleon is a comically short "petty tyrant" and this has become a clich in popular culture. Napoleon constantly rode out among the troops urging them to stand and fight. On that basis, the two emperors began peace negotiations at the town of Tilsit after meeting on an iconic raft on the River Niemen. [253][254] As an adult, Napoleon was a deist, believing in an absent and distant God. [171], Before going to Iberia, Napoleon decided to address several lingering issues with the Russians. [106], Napoleon's triumph at Marengo secured his political authority and boosted his popularity back home, but it did not lead to an immediate peace. [130] Josephine became only the second queen to be crowned and anointed in French history, other than Marie de' Medici. Bonaparte's brother, Joseph, led the complex negotiations in Lunville and reported that Austria, emboldened by British support, would not acknowledge the new territory that France had acquired. The Emperor's Youth - Napoleon Series At the Battle of Austerlitz, in Moravia on 2 December, he deployed the French army below the Pratzen Heights and deliberately weakened his right flank, enticing the Allies to launch a major assault there in the hopes of rolling up the whole French line. He has been portrayed in hundreds of films and discussed in hundreds of thousands of books and articles. In the first encounter between the two commanders, Napoleon pushed back his opponent and advanced deep into Austrian territory after winning at the Battle of Tarvis in March 1797. The Continental System, which prohibited European nations from trading with Britain, was widely violated throughout his reign. Napoleon first seized political power in a coup dtat in 1799. napoleon study guide Flashcards | Quizlet He made French the only official language. He was then able to use this to leverage his support into being declared Emperor. [109] As with the Life Consulate two years earlier, this referendum produced heavy participation, bringing out almost 3.6million voters to the polls. Winning the protection of the governor of Corsica, he was appointed assessor for the judicial district of Ajaccio in 1771. [129] For the official coronation, he raised the replica Charlemagne crown over his own head in a symbolic gesture, but never placed it on top because he was already wearing the golden wreath. [90], Despite the failures in Egypt, Napoleon returned to a hero's welcome. [268] In January 1813, Napoleon personally forced the Pope to sign a humiliating "Concordat of Fontainebleau"[269] which was later repudiated by the Pontiff. Napoleon had seen the massacre of the King's Swiss Guard there three years earlier and realized that artillery would be the key to its defence. Thus he had married into a German royal and imperial family. [317], His opponents learned from Napoleon's innovations. Napoleon defeated Prussia at the battles of Jena and Auerstedt, marched the Grande Arme into Eastern Europe, and defeated the Russians in June 1807 at Friedland, forcing the defeated nations of the Fourth Coalition to accept the Treaties of Tilsit. Life was difficult on half pay, especially as he was carrying on an affair with Dsire Clary, daughter of a rich Marseille businessman and sister of Julie, the bride of his elder brother, Joseph. His nose was not very large, but straight, with a slight, hardly noticeable bend. By the start of June, the armed forces available to him had reached 200,000, and he decided to go on the offensive to attempt to drive a wedge between the oncoming British and Prussian armies. In his Le Souper de Beaucaire (Supper at Beaucaire), written at this time, he argued vigorously for united action by all republicans rallied round the Jacobins, who were becoming progressively more radical, and the National Convention, the Revolutionary assembly that in the preceding fall had abolished the monarchy. its armies were extremely successful. Napoleon emancipated Jews, as well as Protestants in Catholic countries and Catholics in Protestant countries, from laws which restricted them to ghettos, and he expanded their rights to property, worship, and careers. [102] The battle began favourably for the Austrians as their initial attack surprised the French and gradually drove them back. [355], Widespread rumours of Napoleon's return from St. Helena and Napoleon as an inspiration for patriotism, individual and collective liberties, and political mobilization manifested themselves in seditious materials, displaying the tricolor and rosettes. He called her "Josphine" instead, and she went by this name henceforth. Unlike many generals, Napoleon did not examine history to ask what Hannibal or Alexander or anyone else did in a similar situation. Napoleon became a General Officer at the age of 24 in 1793.
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